Results of this study also provide an indication as to how some disease agents can be introduced using pathways other than the co-generic hosts. These results clearly demonstrate that looking at trees of internationally traded species in the region of origin can reveal the presence of potentially harmful organisms of major forestry, landscape or crop trees. Next generation sequencing analysis from asymptomatic tissues detected eighteen OTU’s at species level among which some taxa had not been previously recorded in Europe. Fungi associated with the trees and their symptoms included Alternaria alternata detected from all hosts Diaporthe liquidambaris and Diaporthe capsici from bark and leaf necrosis of Zelkova schneideriana Botryosphaeria dothidea and Nothophoma quercina from stem cankers on Fraxinus chinensis and leaf necrosis on Ilex cornuta and Pseudonectria foliicola from leaf necrosis on Buxus microphylla. Symptoms developing on these species within the sentinel nursery were detected in 2013 and consisted of necrotic spots on leaves, canker and stem necrosis, shoot blight and shoot necrosis. fortunae, Zelkova schneideriana, Fraxinus chinensis and Buxus microphylla. The sentinel nursery planting included four of the most common ornamental woody species shipped to Europe including Ilex cornuta var. To help determine the potential risk of pest introduction through trading of ornamental plants, a sentinel nursery was established in Beijing, China in 2008. Many of the alien tree pathogens recently introduced into Europe were not previously included on any quarantine lists. The trade in living plants is the most common pathway of introduction. Introduction of and invasion by alien plant pathogens represents the main cause of emerging infectious diseases affecting domesticated and wild plant species worldwide.
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